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| Mineralization Caracteristics Evaluation for Indonesian Biomass Ash Utilisation Data Building Dr. Tjokorde Walmiki Samadhi, Dr. Winny Wulandari |
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| The conversion of biomass to produce sustainable energy demands a number of key technical data describing the behavior of the biomass during the conversion process, and the utilization of biomass conversion waste as economically valuable products. The objective of this research is to collect data on the mineralization characteristics of several Indonesian biomass with sufficient accuracy to enable their use as design parameters for the biomass utilization processes. |
| Influence of Electrode Distance on Electrical Energy Production of Microbial Fuel Cell using Tapioca Wastewater Ardiyan Harimawan, S.T, M.Eng., Ph.D, Prof. Tjandra Setiadi, Ph.D. |
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| Increase in the world population will leads to problems such as increase in waste production and energy demand. Microbial fuel cell is one alternative technology that can be used to solve these problems simultaneously. This study investigates the influence of electrode distance on power density in microbial fuel cell using tapioca wastewater. The configuration of microbial fuel cell used in this research is a dual chamber MFC. Anaerobic inoculums and tapioca wastewater at pH 7 were used in the anode chamber at anaerobic conditions, whereas KMnO4 100 ppm solution and phosphate buffer at pH 7 were used as catholyte in the cathode chamber at aerobic conditions. Graphite sheet without metal catalyst was used for electrode in both electrode chambers, and Nafion 212 membrane was used to separate the chamber. Four variations of electrode distance were used in this research: MFC-MEA (anode and cathode were adhered together and Nafion membrane separated the electrode), MFC-2 (anode and cathode distance was 2 cm), MFC-AM (the anode was adhered with membrane with 1 cm distance with cathode), and MFC-KM (cathode adhered with membrane with 1 cm distance with anode). The MFC-2 was found to give the highest equilibrium Open Circuit Voltage (676 mV), while the MFC-MEA was found to give the highest power density (7.74 mW/m2). Furthermore, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurement suggested that the charge transfer resistance is dominant in all MFC configuration, while the mass transfer resistance is dominant only for MFC-AM and MFC-KM. The values of wastewater COD removal in this research were in the range of 35-46 %, which were in accordance with the power density for all MFC |
| Shelf-life Evaluation of Packaged Fermented Cassava Flour (FERCAF) Dr. Dianika Lestari, Dr. M.T.A.P. Kresnowati |
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| Fermented cassava flour (FERCAF) was produced by fermentation of cassava chips in a circulated retting fermenter followed by drying and milling. FERCAF has white colour and neutral-aroma, which can be used as food ingredients. However, shelf life of packaged FERCAF was still unknown. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of storage time and packaging types on physicochemical properties and to determine shelflife of packaged FERCAF. FERCAF was stored in a controlled-incubator over 94 days using two packaging types: LDPE plastic and Kraft paper. In conclusion, packaging type had no significant effect on the observed quality attribute. Number of microorganisms over 94 days of storage was within the safe limits. Average estimate shelf-life of packaged FERCAF was between the range of 3-4 months at ambient temperature. Shelf life of FERCAF packed in LDPE plastic was approx. 15 days longer than in Kraft paper |
| Natural Rubber Powder Production from Latex Ir. Akhmad Zainal Abidin, M.Sc., Ph.D., Nanda Rizki Winartha amd Indra Rahardi |
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| Natural rubber based products are widely used in everyday life. There are three upstream processed natural rubber, that crumb rubber, conventional rubber, and concentrated latex. Latex is easily damaged by clotting. In addition, concentrated latex contains 35-40% w/w of water so that the packaging volume is relatively large and inefficient in transportation. Latex also contains ammonia as an anti-clotting agent so the packaging must be special so as not to leak and cause unpleasant odor. This study aims to create a pilot plant of the spray drying latex simulation results that have been conducted at the Laboratory of Polymer Technology and Membrane ITB, to test the performance, to evaluate the performance test results, as well as making improvements to the production of rubber powder can be managed well. Stages of this research is data collection spray dryer design, design verification design, construction spray dryer, spray dryer appliance testing, and characterization of rubber powder. The heating system used in the spray dryer using LPG gas-fired furnace. Testing tool is done by varying the spray dryer drying air temperature of 120⁰C, 150⁰C, and 180⁰C, the water content of the feed latex 70% and 80% w/w, as well as non-stick material such as talc powder and MgO. Rubber powder characterized the results of the spray drying water content with digital tools moisture meter and analyzed spectra with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed the optimum operating conditions for the production of natural rubber powder is drying air temperature of 150oC and the water content of the feed latex 80% w/w. Natural rubber powder produced contains 10 to 13% w / b water but still sticky so that the powder grains stick to each other. The FTIR spectrum analysis of natural rubber powder products show the suitability of the bonding group with the polyisoprene natural rubber compound. Natural rubber powder product can also be used as a substitute for rubber crumb. |
| Solid State Fermentation Parameters Effect on Cellulase Production from Empty Fruit Bunch Dr. Vita Wonoputri,Subiantoro, Dr. Made Tri Ari Penia Kresnowati, Dr. Ronny Purwadi |
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| The increasing need for alternative renewable energy source is forecasted to increase cellulase demand, due to its ability to break down cellulose in lignocellulosic materials such as agricultural waste into smaller sugar units such as cellobiose and glucose that is useful for bioethanol fermentation and subsequent fine chemical production. It was calculated that cellulase cost accounts for ~40% of the total bioethanol cost. Cheaper cellulase production could be achieved using solid state fermentation method compared to the conventional submerged fermentation method, mainly due to its ability to use cheap agricultural waste as carbon source and cellulase production inducer. Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), which is produced in the scale of millions of tons in Indonesia, holds a potential to be used as the sole carbon source in solid state cellulase fermentation, as shown in some other literature. Therefore, this study is aimed at understanding the effects of solid state fermentation parameters, namely solid to liquid ratio, temperature, and pH for cellulase production. Two variations of solid to liquid ratio were used, 1:1 (5 mL) and 1:4 (20 mL). Temperature were varied by performing the fermentation at room temperature (no temperature control), 30°C and 37°C. Two fungi organism, namely Trichoderma viridae (TV) and Trichoderma reesei (TR) were used for extracellular cellulase production. The microbes were grown on potato dextrose agar slants and re-cultured every 7 days. Spore suspension were added into Erlenmeyer flask containing 5 gram of dried EFB and supplemented with additional nutrients. The nutrient pH of 5.5 were adjusted using either 1 M HCl or NaOH yielding final pH of 4.5 and 6.5, which were subsequently used to study the effect of pH on fermentation. All flask were incubated for 3, 5, and 7 days. Extracellular cellulase enzyme was extracted using simple contact method using citrate buffer followed by incubation at 30°C, 150 rpm, for 2 hours. Assessment of the extracted cellulase activity by filter paper assay showed that Trichoderma viride is the superior organism capable of producing higher cellulase amount compared to Trichoderma reesei at the same fermentation condition. The optimum cellulase activity was obtained when solid to liquid ratio used for the fermentation is 1:1, while the optimum fermentation temperature and pH were found to be 30 °C and 5.5, respectively. The information obtained would be useful for the development of cellulase production process from the ubiquitous EFB in Indonesia. |
| Zeolite Synthesis of Fly Ash from Power Plant for Adsorbent Application Winny Wulandari, S.T., Ph.D., Dr. Tjokorde Walmiki Samadhi, Prof. Dr. Dwiwahju Sasongko |
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| Coal fly ash is a solid waste from combustion of coal in power generation. The utilization of fly ash and bottom ash has been limited to raw material for concrete or otherwise is dumped in a landfill. Coal fly ash and bottom ash also contains heavy metal that cause pollution. In recent years, there have been many researches regarding converting fly ash and bottom ash for synthesizing zeolite, an alumino-silicate material. As coal fly ash contains silica and alumina, this can be the source of raw material for synthesizing zeolite, a crystalline aluminosilicate that has micropores in three dimensions, where the alumina and the silicates is connected with oxygen atoms |
| Development of Granular NPK Fertilizers with Renewable Fillers Dr. I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan, Dr. Dendy Adityawarman |
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| Fillers are used to adjust the percentage of the nutrients in fertilizers to a desired ratio, prevent caking of the fertilizers, and increase the fertilizer weight. Fillers dilute the concentration of fertilizer active ingredients, which can burn delicate roots and stems. Fillers contribute a significant portion in NPK formulation. NPK 20-10-10 granulated from urea, DAP (diammonium phosphate), and KCl, for example, contains 36% fillers by weight. Fillers are usually taken from inorganic minerals, such as zeolite, clay, dolomite, phosphate rock, and bentonite. These materials are not renewable and their reserves are, of course, limited. Alternatives for conventional filler materials are required. Eggshell can be considered as an alternative for NPK fillers. The world production of eggshell reached 7 million tonnes per year. |
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